Thread Number: 12696
interesting map of electricity costs in the USA
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Post# 221396   7/8/2007 at 13:09 (6,129 days old) by passatdoc (Orange County, California)        

A week or so ago, we had a discussion for the benefit of European readers on the use of gas vs. electric dryers. I posted that when I bought my first home 19 years ago, the utility sent me a memo stating that it cost $1 to dry a load of laundry with electricity and only $.25 with gas (not sure if the 25 cents included the electricity to run the dryer, but the utility in question supplies both gas and electricity).

I found this map that shows the wide variation in prices of electricity in the USA, based on 2003 data:

www.eia.doe.gov/neic/brochure/ele...

As you can see, the cost (2003) varies almost three-fold, depending where one lives in the USA. My electricity supplier, SDGE (San Diego Gas and Electric) supposedly has the highest rates in California, as well as rates second in the nation only to New York City and Long Island (LILCO). So the figure for SDGE is probably higher than the rate for California as a whole.

I was amazed to learn in that discussion thread that 80% of the dryers sold in USA are electric. I do have a 240V outlet (never used in 19 years...) in my dryer area, but newer homes in our area are built with a gas line and 120V only, by city ordinance, to promote electricity conservation. Anyone who moves in with an electric dryer has to buy a new gas dryer, or else rip out the wall and have 240V installed.

If I ever bought a Miele washer, I could plug it in the 240V outlet, as long as I kept a non-Miele gas dryer (Bosch makes them for the US market). If I had a Miele washer AND dryer, I would need a second 240V outlet.

As you can see from the map, in many low cost areas of the USA, electricity probably costs the same or less than gas to dry a load of laundry. Where I live in California, however, most neighborhoods have gas lines and people generally choose gas models, even though the dryers cost $50-60 more than the matching electric models.





Post# 221398 , Reply# 1   7/8/2007 at 13:13 (6,129 days old) by passatdoc (Orange County, California)        
oops here is a clickable link and an image

Link to energy cost map:

CLICK HERE TO GO TO passatdoc's LINK


Post# 221418 , Reply# 2   7/8/2007 at 15:18 (6,129 days old) by stopmeister72 (Irving, TX)        
wow

stopmeister72's profile picture
TXU is charging me 13.54 cents per kilowatt now in Texas. Can't image how much my electric bill would be if I hadn't put in some insulation summer before last. The sad thing is, that since the rates kept going up, didn't see much difference in the bill. During the summer, i run between $300-$400 on electic usage, thank god for average billing!!!!!!

Post# 221421 , Reply# 3   7/8/2007 at 15:23 (6,129 days old) by accapp ()        

Miele makes a special box which plugs into a 240v outlet and splits it into two outlets, one for the washer, one for the dryer. Only costs around $250 but you can make something similar for about $20 in electrical parts. They come up on ebay every so often.

Post# 221429 , Reply# 4   7/8/2007 at 16:49 (6,129 days old) by appnut (TX)        

appnut's profile picture
I don't even remember when I saw 9.16 cents/kwh.

Post# 221432 , Reply# 5   7/8/2007 at 17:05 (6,129 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        
I want US prices too!

God Lord, that is waaay cheaper than here, I knew it was cheaper but not that much! In Italy the price for electricity is 0,23€/kWh that means 0,31 $ per kWh (give or take 5% depending on the utility company)

Post# 221451 , Reply# 6   7/8/2007 at 18:59 (6,129 days old) by dalangdon (Seattle, WA)        

Ha! As an employee of a municipal utility (Seattle City Light) let me just say hooray for public power, and hooray for Franklin D. Roosevelt (Who championed the Bonneville Power Administration and Tennessee Valley Authority)

Our electricity is 3.76 cents per kwh for the first 10kwh per day, and 7.93 cents for each add'l hour per day, plus 10 cents per meter per day. My sister in Omaha (Omaha Public Power District) pays a similar rate. My mom in Council Bluffs, Iowa, pays somewhat more.


Post# 221461 , Reply# 7   7/8/2007 at 19:36 (6,129 days old) by sudsman ()        
In Fort Worth

TXU is charging 13.97

Post# 221462 , Reply# 8   7/8/2007 at 19:42 (6,129 days old) by dadoes (TX, U.S. of A.)        

dadoes's profile picture
Local cooperative is between $0.12 and $0.13 last few months, which is running high for them.

Post# 221488 , Reply# 9   7/8/2007 at 21:39 (6,129 days old) by retroguy ()        
I find it hard to believe....

That (according to that graph, anyway) electricity cost more, way back when, than it does now. I never remember anyone from my youth complaining about their electric bill. Me? I'll complain to anyone who will listen about mine. =)

D


Post# 221527 , Reply# 10   7/9/2007 at 00:58 (6,128 days old) by passatdoc (Orange County, California)        
about $0.125 per KwH

My electric bill contains a usage charge and a fixed charge that covers the cost of operating the system other than actually the commodity costs to generate electricity. The commodity cost is about $.085 per KwH, but last month I paid $28 for 224 KwH, so it works out to about $0.125 per KwH here in San Diego Gas and Electric territory. About 2/3 of the bill is the commodity charge, and 1/3 the charge for the fixed costs of operating their system.

Post# 221542 , Reply# 11   7/9/2007 at 04:47 (6,128 days old) by lederstiefel1 ()        
Electricity cost in Leverkusen/Cologne

We pay actually about 15,5 Euro-Cents which is almost 20,0 Dollar-Cents per kilowatt hour and they promised us to rise the price this year again!

Ralf


Post# 221544 , Reply# 12   7/9/2007 at 04:58 (6,128 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

> Lederstiefel1

rising prices: that's the good thing about getting rid of nuclear power plants!


Post# 221547 , Reply# 13   7/9/2007 at 06:01 (6,128 days old) by tolivac (greenville nc)        

Don't be in a hurry to get rid of "nuke" plants-In some areas putting these on line has REDUCED electric bills!VEPCO in US is an example.

Post# 221561 , Reply# 14   7/9/2007 at 08:16 (6,128 days old) by dalangdon (Seattle, WA)        

Nuclear power is cutting off your nose to spite your face. Anything with a highly toxic waste by-product that lasts three times the length of human history is a bad idea. If they could figure out a way to clean up that problem, however, I'd be all for it :-)

Post# 221562 , Reply# 15   7/9/2007 at 08:39 (6,128 days old) by lederstiefel1 ()        
nuclear power

dj-gabriele: you are sooo right!!!
We pay millions of tax to substitute nuclear power of being competitive on the market!!
And: nobody< on this planet has any idea where to store the nuclear waste! No thank-you!!

Ralf


Post# 221588 , Reply# 16   7/9/2007 at 11:15 (6,128 days old) by passatdoc (Orange County, California)        
deceptive pricing

I should explain that many power companies in the USA have a two or three-tiered pricing system to encourage conservation. In my case, I am given a "baseline allowance" of about 268 KwH per month. As long as I use less than this amount, I pay about 12.5 cents per KwH. But if I go over 268, the amount above 268 KwH can be double or triple this amount. There was an article in our local newspaper about a family with a $600 per month power bill. They used about 1000 KwH per month, but when the power company began to double and triple the cost for KwH above the baseline allowance, their bill became very high very fast. I believe they had a large house (about 350 square meters), air conditioning, a pool with electric filter, lots of televisions and computers, etc. Basically a family with many toys and not even paying attention to electricity consumption. Then their bill becomes $600 a month and they go crying to the newspaper as if it isn't fair. They got what they deserved.

Post# 221589 , Reply# 17   7/9/2007 at 11:29 (6,128 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

BUT I AM PRO NUCLEAR!!!! I'M A NUCLEAR ENGENEER!
I was just being sarcastic about the rising prices =equal= lack of nuclear plants!

Oh my!
BTW: France, UK and Japan actively recycle nuclear fuel, only USA decided to store it for the millennia to come.


Post# 221591 , Reply# 18   7/9/2007 at 11:34 (6,128 days old) by petek (Ontari ari ari O )        

petek's profile picture
I pay just under .06 per KwH but there's a "transmission" charge and a couple of other "gotcha's" on the bill which basically doubles it to around .12 cents. Still it's very reasonable I think.

Post# 221617 , Reply# 19   7/9/2007 at 15:35 (6,128 days old) by passatdoc (Orange County, California)        

Yeah, those are the fixed costs of operating the system and you pay those regardless of how much electricity you use.

Post# 221634 , Reply# 20   7/9/2007 at 17:31 (6,128 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        

neptunebob's profile picture
Does anybody here work for Areva, the French nuclear company with the catchy commercials?

Post# 221652 , Reply# 21   7/9/2007 at 19:32 (6,128 days old) by mrx ()        
Electricity prices in Ireland

Here's the charges for domestic electricity from ESB, the largest power company in Ireland. You can change provider, but the prices are broadly very similar.

Prices in €uro cents.
Day Units (kWh) 14.35¢ (= US¢ 19.51)
Night Units (kWh) 7.05¢ ( = US¢ 9.58)


Post# 221943 , Reply# 22   7/11/2007 at 09:52 (6,126 days old) by irishwashguy (Salem,Oregon.............A Capital City)        
Nuclear power...........BAD...Solar power, Good......

irishwashguy's profile picture
They closed the only Nuclear power plant in Ranier, Or about ten or so years ago, as far as I can see, it has not changed our rate at all. We have Portland Genral Electric, formerly of ENRON, till their demise, now PGE is independant of anyone.i will say that the Bush administration has been after low electric rates here in the Northwest since it has stolen itw way into the white house.Within the last month, they managed to take away our discount that we had from the Bonnoville Power people, now we get to pay for it. All of the electric utilities in Or and Wash, reguardless of who runs the local electric company. My mother lives in Clark County Washington, and now payes the same increase I do. i was truely shocked---no pun intended of course, to see that they even went to court over this.
PS I am planning to get solar pannels when I move. They are a big investment, about tweny thousand, when you are talking about borrowing 340,000, then, it seems to make sence. That way it will save money over the long run.it is still a though, I just do not know anyone that has one as of yet, i am sure that i will though.


Post# 224228 , Reply# 23   7/21/2007 at 13:32 (6,116 days old) by goprog ()        

Electricity in Cologne

My understanding is the higher electricity charge in Germany
goes directly to encouraging alternative energy vs. into the
pockets of corporations and CEOs... Germany is way ahead of
the US in alternative energy production.

electricity costs in the past

I don't know what it really was, but I was thinking it used
to be $.03 (decades ago). I remember the commercials saying
"Electricity is penny-cheap from NSP" and the Reddy Kilowatt
character.

I suppose I could be convinced otherwise, but having
residential customers paying higher rates than industries
doesn't seem quite right. At least that's the way it was
a number of years ago. Industry gets to negotiate rates,
consumers don't (other than via state regulation - for those
states that still have regulation.)

recycling nuclear waste

Just what does France do to recycle nuclear waste? Seems
if it was possible, everyone would do it. (And converting
it to depleted uranium munitions doesn't count as recycling.)


Post# 224248 , Reply# 24   7/21/2007 at 15:33 (6,116 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        
Recycling nuclear waste

Depleted uranium it not recycling, is a byproduct of the enrichement of natural uranium to make it reactor grade (meaning with at least 2-2,5% of isotope 235 as natural uranium is only 0,7% U235).
MOX fuel is composed from plutonium (taken from used fuel) and uranium and used in normal reactors just like recycled papers is used for newspapers.
Then think about that Canadian CANDU reactors can "burn" used light water reactor fuel without virtually no reprocessing, just changing the pysical shape of the fuel assembly to fit the new type. This just because of the better reaction efficency. The USA never wanted to apply this process. (you can also have a look on wikipedia, just type candu)
This are just the facts. You can find much more by reading any book about the subject. I personally love "Introduction to nuclear engeneering" edited by Prentice Hall and written by A. J. Baratta & J. R. Lamarsh. That's the one of those I used for my exam on nuclear reactor physics.


Post# 224283 , Reply# 25   7/21/2007 at 16:25 (6,116 days old) by goprog ()        

Not to be insulting, but HA HA. Me, read a book called
"Introduction to nuclear engineering" and understanding it????
I'd like to think I could, but I only took 6 quarters of physics
in college. Though it certainly sounds interesting - wonder if
it is in my local library (or maybe all such types of books
have been removed in the interest of so-called national
security - maybe anything beyond the level of Bush's
reading level has been removed.)

Not wanting to apply the CANDU process (without reading the
wikipedia article) sounds pretty stupid, but then the US hasn't
been known for intelligence lately.

My question would be what is the byproduct of using the MOX
fuel or the CANDU reactors?


Post# 224398 , Reply# 26   7/22/2007 at 02:34 (6,115 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

My question would be what is the byproduct of using the MOX fuel or the CANDU reactors?

In spent fuel the uranium inventory stays about the same, around 97% is unchanged, you will find less U235 (0,8-0,5%), newly created U236, more plutonium (both can be reprocessed and recovered). Actinides (that can be recovered using the purex process as some of them are useful), reactor poisons (atoms with a "cross section" - their love to catch useful neutrons - so big that they kill any fission reaction) and other fission products. Only these last ones will eventually get stored in "dry cask storage" in situ at the power plant or in centralized storage plants. All the others can be recovered.

Am I being too much off topic? Sorry but the subject simply steals my attention! If I'm distracting/annoying you just tell me and I'll stop. :D


Post# 224399 , Reply# 27   7/22/2007 at 02:43 (6,115 days old) by goprog ()        

What are the properties of the reactor poisons and other
fission products that end up in dry cask storage? Do they
still have thousands of years of half life? Are they as
toxic as the waste generated in the US reactors?

When you say 97% remains unchanged, that means less than
3% ends up in the dry cask storage (or 3% each time it is
recycled?) Not recycling sounds like a waste. Why would
they not recycle it in the US if the fuel still has energy
potential?


Post# 224407 , Reply# 28   7/22/2007 at 04:07 (6,115 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

Why would they not recycle it in the US if the fuel still has energy potential?

The USA are concerned about nuclear weapons proliferation.

3% that's the amount of real waste you get from every recycling of the fuel.
You could actually transmute the poisons and the actinides in "less radioactive" and shorter lived elements (agan it is possible in candu and fast reactors) but as today we don't have industrial application of that.
The poitons are elements like Tc-99, Pd-107,Sm-149 that build up during the life of the fuel in the reactor and actually slow down the reaction. Some, like Sm-149 are stable (non radioactive) others like Tc-99 and Pd-107 are radioactive with long half lives. They can be transmuted but they happen in little concentrations and it's easier (and more economic) to just store them.
Btw... did you know that ordinary smoke detectors usually have a source of americium (a fission product) as the sensing element? Or that first generation boeing 747 had depleted uranium counterweights (up to 1500kg)?
About being toxic, the radio-toxicty is the same, it's the fission products that emit the most of the radiactions. Uranium by itself it an alpha-emitter, those particle are stopped by just one centimetre of air and are a danger only if ingested. You could actually touch a fresh fuel assemby with your bare hands without being in danger.
I hope I've been exhaustive enough now, but if you have more question feel free to ask.
I know I'm very pro-nuclear but afer having been INSIDE two reactors, studing the matter all the time and not having had harm of any kind one's of the matter changes :)


Post# 224545 , Reply# 29   7/22/2007 at 16:50 (6,115 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        

neptunebob's profile picture
Gabriel, let me guess, do you work for Areva?

Post# 224627 , Reply# 30   7/23/2007 at 02:39 (6,114 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        
AREVA: I wish I worked for them!

Nope, still, I'm just a miserable student waiting for a decent job! :S
The best I did was a reserch on radon concentration in Emilia-Romagna on my training work at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment, the former National Agency for Atomic Energy).


Post# 224637 , Reply# 31   7/23/2007 at 05:59 (6,114 days old) by tomturbomatic (Beltsville, MD)        

DJ, Does this waste have to be a liquid? We herd about the spills after the most recent Japanese earthquake. I read a couple of decades ago about a process whereby the waste could be encased in molten glass so that once the glass hardened the waste would be prety well sealed. What I do not remember is if the waste was liquid in sealed containers before being put into the glass or if it was some solid. If the waste is always liquid, I don't see how a liquid could be added to molten glass without triggering explosions which you would not want with radioactive waste, so there is much I have forgotten, about this specifically and everything else in general. Please keep sharing your knowledge with us.
Tom


Post# 224643 , Reply# 32   7/23/2007 at 08:36 (6,114 days old) by tomturbomatic (Beltsville, MD)        
OOPS--FORGOT THIS

Beyond the charges on the map, the PEPCO bills add on the fuel adjustment, transmission costs and administrative costs to bring our rates to 15 cents a KWH. On the other hand, in Elkhart, Indianna, they have a nightime rate that drops to 3 cents a KWH, so if you have things on timers or can be up for part of that period to get things done, you can make out like a bandit.

Electricity has, in most places except those served by the TVA or Bonneville Power, been expensive and had that reputation. I remember parents and grandparents being strict about not leaving lights on when you left the room. Electric ranges had to emphasize their well insulated ovens and economical use of "current" which was the idea behind the deep well cooker. There were different names that various brands used like Thrift Cooker & Economizer. Some had double walled wells with insulation between the walls and some of the kettles had lids an inch thick with insulation in them. Those were the ones that could not be immersed for washing.


Post# 224729 , Reply# 33   7/23/2007 at 17:59 (6,114 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

Oh no, the waste is always solid, it is, as you said, vitrificated to render it inhert and then put on storage, liquid is only an intermediate phase during solvent extraction like in the purex reprocessing method. The "radioactive accident" at the plant in japan is a non accident. A spill of 1,5 litres (less than half gallon) of lightly radioactive water actually is nothing. Press make up alot because it is nuclear!
By "ligthly radioactive" they mean to say that you could actually drink it with no harm. Standard granite used in houses and radon emanating from the underground are 3 orders of magnitude (a factor of 1000) more radioactive than what is considered contaminated radioactive water (or nuclear low level waste).
Think that in the decommissioning of the plant at Latina, near Rome, they had to classify as low level nuclear waste even some of the naturally radioactive soil around the plant (because of thorium and uranium are everywhere) when private houses around there had much higher radiaction dose levels given by the building materials!!! (around 3-5 mSv/y natural while the maximum allowed from complessive artificial sources is 1mSv/y)
The Sievert (Sv) is the unit of measure of the total radiaction dose (energy relased to the body from the radiation = damage) one gets, weighted by the type of radiaction and organ that recives it.


Post# 224822 , Reply# 34   7/23/2007 at 23:56 (6,113 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        

neptunebob's profile picture
Hi Tom, I might know some of the answers as I have been interested in nuclear energy. But if anyone knows better correct me if I am wrong.

The water that escaped from the nuclear stations in Japan may have leaked out of the cooling system, it is possible the water could have escaped from the turbine side of the power plant. The GE boiling water reactor is popular in Japan and that has slightly radioactive water going to the turbines. Hopefully, it wasn't much and won't do much damage. It is likely the reactor "scrammed" itself and shut down. But the utility probably wants to get some of the nuclear power plants going again. Fossil fueled plants are probably damaged and electricity is needed to assist in the recovery efforts.

The barrels that fell over likely had "low level nuclear waste", items such as filters, gloves, protective clothing, boots, wipes, things that are used to maintain the facility. This items should be dry and can be placed back in the barrels. They probably wait until they have enough barrels for a truckload, then take them to a waste facility, whatever they may have. Some lab tests in hospitals use small amounts of radioactive material and this is how they handle such waste.

High level waste is the spent fuel rods that have been unloaded from the reactor after being used for a year or more. In France, for example, this waste, which would be solid, is melted into the glass (vitrification) where it would be unlikely to be released into the environment. In the US, such waste will eventually be taken to Yucca Mountain in Nevada. Right now, spent fuel rods are keep in extra-deep "swimming pools" at nuclear power plants to "cool off" and lose some of their intense radiation.

Reprocessing nuclear waste is possible and is practiced by Areva in the Le Hague plant in the north of France. Spent fuel rods, in a sealed chamber, are dissolved in nitric acid and the elements such as the unused uranium and plutonium are filtered out and can be used to fabricate new fuel. Fuel with plutonium is "mixed oxide fuel (MOX)" and can be used in most existing reactors. Becuase of worries of nuclear proliferation (plutonium is the stuff of bombs), President Carter banned reprocessing in the US in 1977 and no President since has been interested enough to even bring up the issue. A lot of nuclear waste has also been created by nuclear weapons programs, this will also go to Yucca Mountain (if Congress approves).

I encourage you to go to the website of the Nuclear Energy Institute - it is pro nuclear but it is very informative.


CLICK HERE TO GO TO neptunebob's LINK


Post# 224831 , Reply# 35   7/24/2007 at 00:04 (6,113 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        
De Gabriele, now it's your turn!

neptunebob's profile picture
Please to the Areva web site and click on "Careers", they even have opportunities for students. Areva builds the EPR - European Pressurized Reactor in Finland - I guess the people up there have to power their saunas somehow. Oh, and I like their catchy commercials too!

CLICK HERE TO GO TO neptunebob's LINK


Post# 224834 , Reply# 36   7/24/2007 at 00:07 (6,113 days old) by goprog ()        

So the US does not reprocess because then the plutonium stays
in the solid rods along with the uranium and whatever else is
in the rods? If it was reprocessed, dissolved in nitric acid,
then the chemicals can be separated making it easier to smuggle
out just the plutonium? Is that the reasoning?


Post# 224837 , Reply# 37   7/24/2007 at 00:16 (6,113 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        

neptunebob's profile picture
Actually, I'm not sure how the terrorists might get the plutonium but I believe at the time Jimmy Carter thought that the US reprocessing might send the wrong message to the rest of the world, that they might feel the need to reprocess if we did and another country could extract the plutonium. I do know that nuclear proliferation was the fear here. Proliferation fears were also why the breeder reactor was canceled in this country. Breeder reactors, which are cooled by hot sodium (dangerous!) create more plutonium, thus creating more fuel than it uses. But their rods would also have to be reprocessed. Of course, separating the plutonium from nitric acid, as obnoxious as that is, would be easier for government to do than what we had to do in WWII - create plutonium in reactors in Hanford WA. Seems like when it comes to nuclear energy, the US did all the hard work!

Post# 224851 , Reply# 38   7/24/2007 at 00:29 (6,113 days old) by goprog ()        

Obviously don't know how much fuel (and uranium processing)
it takes to keep a reactor running, and unless there is a
need, seems using breeder reactors isn't what we want to do.
But reprocessing (recycling) certainly seems to be the way
to go. As long as it reduces the amount of radioactive waste
that needs to be stored or disposed of each year.

While I certainly prefer renewable energy (and it just ticks
me off seeing how much money and resources have, are, and will
be wasted by our government of the last 7 years that could
have been allocated to the advancement of alternative sources),
I still believe if we are using nuclear energy, it should be
used as efficiently as possible.


Post# 224868 , Reply# 39   7/24/2007 at 02:50 (6,113 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        
AREVA & future job

Uhhh...maybe not, I'll wait next year till my graduation and then send in my CV. :D
You guys are quite right about what you said in the last posts! Ahhh, I wish USA too started again the reprocessing of spent fuel and reserch on fast breeder reactors!
Even France has almost stopped the last! They had super-phénix reactor but had to close it because of the political pressure from green-left side parties, what a shame! Now only the small scale pénix reactor remains open!

I never ever tought about discussing such an important topic (at least to me) in a forum dedicated to washing machines :D I'm as happy as I can be!!!

Here's the link for the AREVA commercial, it is nice indeed!


CLICK HERE TO GO TO dj-gabriele's LINK


Post# 224870 , Reply# 40   7/24/2007 at 03:08 (6,113 days old) by goprog ()        

I still wonder about the advantage of the breeder reactor
(or fast breeder reactor?) I know nothing other than what
has been said above. Is there something else it does besides
generate more plutonium??? Why would we want to generate more
plutonium? If it generates more plutonium, does it generate
less of the other byproducts? Is that good for some reason?
My understanding is plutonium is one of the worst things we
can have around...???


Post# 224871 , Reply# 41   7/24/2007 at 03:10 (6,113 days old) by goprog ()        

I never ever tought about discussing such an important topic (at least to me) in a forum dedicated to washing machines :D I'm as happy as I can be!!!

Robert may need a nuclear reactor to run Super Unimatic 3.0.


Post# 224891 , Reply# 42   7/24/2007 at 07:46 (6,113 days old) by tomturbomatic (Beltsville, MD)        

What is the situation with the nitric acid after processing the spent fuel? Does it become a storage/disposal nightmare? Why, if this solid spent fuel encased in glass is of such low radioactivity (my understanding, might be incorrect) and I guess fairly well sealed, is storage of this such a dangerous undertaking? It's not like toxic sludge eating through steel canisters and washing into aquifers, is it? Thanks to all who are sharing their knowledge on this topic. It is one of those third rail subjects that is usually discussed in tones of a sales pitch or a total disaster.

Post# 224966 , Reply# 43   7/24/2007 at 16:52 (6,113 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

Breeder reactor:
A breeder reactor doesn't actually create new fuel but it converts urqanium 238 in plutonium 239. The first one is not fissionable by itself, you can pack as much as you want, it will never sustain a chain reaction. Bombarding the thing with fast neutrons can produce plutonium 239 that is fissile. When you have enough of it, it starts generating enough neutrons that it sustain a chain reaction, thus producing energy (see A-bomb too) that can be harvested for useful purposes.
The same could happen with thorium 232 in uranium 233. Uranium 233 is said to be fertile, it doesn't fission like plutonium 239 but it can be easly transmutated in U238 and then P239.
With a breeder reactor you start with a batch of "standard" fuel and then create the others in the reactor. (remind that low enriched uranium is 97% isotope 238 and only 2-3% isotope 235.

Second: the slugs remaining after the recycling processes are quite radioactive, being encased in glass makes them inert (no chemical reactivity) then to shield people from the radiaction they are encased in concrete and iron casks (dry cask storage) and kept there till radiaction levels have diminimished. (even 1000 years - that's why i like transmutation and reprocessing!)
The cask are extremely strudy! The walls can be up to 2 metres thick (6.5 feet) and because the fuel is a solidified glass it doesn't leak nor interact.
The organic solvents used in the recovery processes are cleaned and recycled in the cycle, also the nitric acid. Nothing is left in the enviroment. If something like that would happen it would be a pollution disaster. Not a nuclear one!

Ohhh, I forgot you still never saw my face! So here I am. Inside the RB-3 reactor at ENEA in Bologna!!! :D :D :D
(yes, that thing I'm in is the empty vessel)


Post# 224983 , Reply# 44   7/24/2007 at 18:26 (6,113 days old) by neptunebob (Pittsburgh, PA)        

neptunebob's profile picture
Dj is that a new reactor vessel/power station? If it was used, I would think there would be radiation coming from the steel walls. Or is it possible to "clean off" radiation? I heard that when they decomissisioned the Shippingport Atomic Power Station (Americas first commercial nuclear reactor, built by Westinghouse outside of Pittsburgh) that they used Tide to clean the radioactive parts.

Post# 225004 , Reply# 45   7/24/2007 at 20:03 (6,113 days old) by toggleswitch (New York City, NY)        

toggleswitch's profile picture
I still say have the government give everyone a new roof with new photovoltiac solar panels on them, and have the panels feed clean electricity into the grid. (Have the gov't replace both every 20 years in 20-year continuing cycle.) Electronic controls are now becoming cheap enough to synchronize and modulate the A/C current that would be fed back into the grid. With net metering (meter spins forward when you consume more than you produce, and backward when you produce more than you consume) we'd all probably see much lower electrical costs.

Perhaps the biggest benefit would be greatly reducing the need for foreign oil and other fuels, which would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

With affordable eletricity from this source we'd also be able to burn less fuel for heat in wintertime by using electrically powered heat-pumps to move heat, rather than by permanently releasing heat into the atmosphere by way of oil and gas combustion.

Personally, I have no objection to sending less money to most of the tradtional oil-producing reigions of the world.






Post# 225307 , Reply# 46   7/26/2007 at 01:44 (6,111 days old) by tolivac (greenville nc)        

If the Gov't supplied the photovoltaic cell roofs-who is going to pay for them? the gov't won't-UP GOES our taxes.In some areas the roofs won't work-like at my home-I have trees.will these have to be cut down?Would rather have the trees.photocells aren't all "Green" as we may beleive-remember the semiconductor industries are among the worst polluters.But we won't do without our semiconductor using appliances and devices-course not.and some photocell users boast how big a battery bank they have to back up their cells.this is enviorementally irresponsible--battery banks are dangerous in untrained hands-and the release of the battery contents in a fire or disaster.and the disposal or recycling of spent batteries.would rather use fossil fuels in these cases.The renewable fuels are good for smaller uses.Yes we have abundant sunlight hitting our planet-but equipment is still too inefficient to make economical use of the sunlight energy on large scale.

Post# 225313 , Reply# 47   7/26/2007 at 02:52 (6,111 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

That reactor... it was on for 30 years! Unlukly it was definitely shut down in 1992 following the referendum abolishing nuclear power in Italy, how sad!
It isn't radioactive at all, the walls didn't activate because of the low power involved and the extremely good quality of the materials that make it up.
Of course we carried personal dosimeters but they stayed zero all the time, if there was risk involved I wouldn't ever gone there!

About solar power collectors... Italian government is founding the 75% to buy a new plant. You "only" have to pay around 10.000€ (ten tousands) for a 3kWh 230V assembly. Plus you have net metering (with two separate meters one in and one out) and the government gives you 0,50€ per net kWh produced and put in the grid. Still to have a complete return of investiment it takes anywhere from 6 to 10 years. (the panels are guaranteed 20 years)

I personally prefer micro-wind turbines. They're considerably cheaper and can produce up to 3kWh with moderate winds and blades that are no longer than 3 metres. They're silent too.
Unluckly these aren't supported for discounts from the government.

Ohhh, btw in May I visited a plant where they make I.C. and solar collectors (same technology actually) and I didn't find anything so terribly polluting as Tolivac said. Waste goes all in special containers and evetually recycled or stored, nothing goes in the enviroment.


Post# 225341 , Reply# 48   7/26/2007 at 06:52 (6,111 days old) by tolivac (greenville nc)        

Interesting-10grand for a 230V 3Kw solar system.Too me and most Americans-Interesting but uneconomical.The information on nuclear reactors by DJ-Gabriele is very informative and shows that nuke power isn't so dangerous as many like to picture it.Also with the breeders-please remember the nuclear fuel involved here is REACTOR grade material not weapons grade.It is not suitable for weapons manufacture.It would have to be reprocessed.Yes,some semiconductor manufactueres are careful,some are not.Many toxic chemicals and materials are required to make semiconductor products.Toxic spills at these factories occasionally happen-and if it doesn't what to do with the spent chemicals.For renewable power I too think the wind turbines are a better choice.the electro mechanical generators on them are more efficient and less expensive than solar photocell systems-and take up LESS space."Winchargers" as they used to be called-were common on farms in the US before rural electrification was used from commercial power.The farm used one or more "windchargers" to charge batteries to power the farm equipment.There are folks who collect abandoned Winchargers and put them back to work.Wndmills also pumpted water for livestock and irrigation on farms in the older days.Some are still in use.The wind powered pumps are great for areas of the farm where its just too expensive to run electric power lines.

Post# 225363 , Reply# 49   7/26/2007 at 08:55 (6,111 days old) by goprog ()        

I think Gabrielle was saying 10,000 Euros which translates to
about $13,700. And the Italian government was paying .5 Euros
($.68) a KWh for excess energy production. As of April 2007,
the highest average European electrical rates (according to
the NUS Consulting Group) were in Denmark at $.2289/KWh. Italy
was $.1574. Germany was third at $.1316. These were rates for
large users (450 MW/month) and did not include VAT so not sure
what the actual residential rate is. (US rate it said was
$.0928.)

3 KW peak power wind generators are about $6,000. But trying
to compare wind production - when is the wind blowing and when
not - with solar electric production - when is the sun shining
and when not - is pretty difficult. The wind resource info I
found suggested one got 1/4 or less the potential output from
a wind generator over the period of a month. A wind resource
map suggests most of the SE USA and portions of SW USA are
less than marginally useful for wind power.

There is also the question of maintenance. Solar panels
should generally be maintenance free (20-year guarantee) vs.
wind generators which contain moving parts/bearings/etc.
It appears most of them have 5-yr guarantees.

The advantage of locally generated solar and wind (besides
the ecological implications) is a reduction on the reliance
of massive, central generating plants and possibly a lighter
load on the electrical grid itself (which we know has not been
well-maintained in the US.) One final advantage - perhaps
getting out beneath the thumb of the Enrons, oil, and coal
companies.

Trade-offs left and right. Space, visibility, noise, cost,
efficiency, maintenance... Don't ask me the answer.


Post# 225370 , Reply# 50   7/26/2007 at 09:28 (6,111 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

Goprog!?
Where did you get the data for electricity prices?
For Italy at least is completely wrong! I pay 0,23 €/kWh that is around 0,32$. The amount you stated is ridiculously low! If it was like that then now I'd be running my (dream buy) electric Candy combo 5+5 kg istead of line drying!
My father too pays (industrial user of 400V-3phase line) about the same with only a little -varying- discount to run the machines in his laundry (yes, wet and dry cleaning).
All because we buy (10% at day 25% at night) nuclear produced electricity from France!


Post# 225421 , Reply# 51   7/26/2007 at 13:39 (6,111 days old) by goprog ()        

Gabrielle,

As I said, from NUS Consulting Group. I don't know what
taxes get added to it. It seems to be a reputable company.

"NUS Consulting Group is the world’s leading utility cost management consulting firm. We specialize in providing audit, rate optimization, procurement, conservation, on-line utility data management services and market pricing research to reduce and better manage electricity, gas, water/wastewater, petroleum and telecommunications expenses."

I have just linked the 2007 survey, but it has surveys for
earlier years at its website, too.


CLICK HERE TO GO TO goprog's LINK


Post# 225430 , Reply# 52   7/26/2007 at 14:43 (6,111 days old) by dj-gabriele ()        

Thanks for the link to the survey, it's unbeliavable how misleading that could be!
And please! Gabriele with a single L, that's all the difference between female and male (me) ;)


Post# 225431 , Reply# 53   7/26/2007 at 14:52 (6,111 days old) by goprog ()        

Gabriele

Oops - sorry...


Post# 225432 , Reply# 54   7/26/2007 at 14:55 (6,111 days old) by goprog ()        

I questioned the information, too, but as I had said earlier.
Large (industrial) users usually get better rates than small
users - and I have no idea what the VAT/taxes/fees are that
get added on.


Post# 225441 , Reply# 55   7/26/2007 at 15:27 (6,111 days old) by goprog ()        

After more searching, the only site I found that had electrical
rates for Europe was a government site in UK. But reading the
chart's description, it got its data from NUS also so the numbers
look the same.

Sure seems there should be someplace that provides what seems to
be simple information.



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